MATRIX

Article 32 of the Constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court of India in regard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. The Supreme Court has also been conferred with power to direct transfer of any civil or criminal case from one State High Court to another State High Court or from a Court subordinate to another State High Court.

Although the proceedings in the Supreme Court arise out of the judgments or orders made by the Subordinate Courts including the High Courts, Supreme Court entertains petitions in the interest of the public at large. The apex court can be moved by any individual or group of persons either by filing a Writ Petition at the Filing Counter of the Court or by addressing a letter to Honourable Chief Justice of India highlighting the question of public importance for invoking this jurisdiction. Such concept is popularly known as ‘Public Interest Litigation’ (PIL) and this extraordinary jurisdiction is very unique characteristics of Indian Judiciary.

A public interest Writ Petition filed at the Filing Counter is dealt with like any other Writ Petition and processed as such. While prosecuting a writ plea is a costly affair, writing a letter-petition to Supreme Court (or any high court) is an option left to responsible citizens for addressing public concerns, especially when governments and fourth estate show vested interests.  The Letter has to be addressed to Chief Justice of India and preferably be posted to the Registrar, Supreme Court. Such letter-petitions will be dealt with in accordance with the guidelines framed for the purpose. As per the guideline, a petition of the above nature depicting public interest will be routed to the PIL cell in Supreme Court. They would make a case summary and place the matter before a Judge, who is designated by Chief Justice to make decisions on the letter-petitions. The judge may order for registering a PIL and to place it before the appropriate bench of the Supreme Court.

Very recently, I found refuge in a letter-petition for enabling a public debate on the societal implications of registering a temple offering as “goods” under Geographical Indications Act. It is expected that the Supreme Court would take ‘suo motu’ cognisance of the letter, in view of the larger public interest involved in the matter.

Free To Air Satellite Receiver systems provided a variety of niche programming for those seeking foreign language, ethnic, and religious programming. There is some traditional television programming, but FTA satellite TV does not replace DirecTV, Dish Network, or your Basic Cable TV service. To get an idea of the type of programming available, review Their FTA Programming Chart. For most current Free To Air TV information, Free To Air uses the international MPEG2 Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) standard. DVB Satellite TV offers a better image quality, for most channels, this results in the best non HD TV you will witness. Free To Air Satellite Receiver Systems use a dish larger then your basic DirecTV or Dish Network dish, but generally always under 1 meter in size.

There are several receivers’ available and motorized mounts that allow users to take advantage of all the programming from various satellites, although more dishes are fixed on one satellite. A motorized mount is powered through the similar coax that carries the satellite signal from the dish to the receiver. The device located at the front of the receiver is called a Low Noise Block (LNB). The LNB lowers the frequency from the satellite frequency of 12 Ghz to a frequency appropriate for transfer over a standard RG-6 coax cable. More LNBS only provide a single receiver connection, but there are LNBS with two and even four coax connections. This allows for up to four receivers to be connected to a single dish only. Free To Air has involved over the last few years to include Digital Video Recorder (DVR) FTA Receivers and Multi-Sat dishes for simultaneous reception of up to 16 satellite orbits. The more common FTA receiver manufacturers are Pansat, Fortec, Coolsat, and the DVR FTA receiver from DreamBox.

While mostly used for access to religious and ethnic programming, Free To Air can appeal to almost every one looking to expand their television viewing options. If you don’t see the programming you desire you may find your satellite programming available from Globe Cast World TV, which offers subscription based international programming.

There are over a dozen Free To Air receiver manufacturers and the bulk of their business for years has been for the overseas and Europe markets. The DVB/MPEG2 format has been around for years and a better standard for satellite distribution. There are over 3000 free-to-air TV and radio channels available through out the world. With the correct size of dish their selection of FTA receivers will allow you to enjoy that programming selection. Many of these channels are foreign language channels from around the world. There are approximately 100 satellites that are available from around the world and available in North America. Various people of different nationalities want to listen or watch TV from their old homeland. Several ethnic cultures enjoy being connected with their heritage and that is why a free-to-air satellite receiver has been popular for years.

Movie Production:

With the advent of the latest technologies which gets updated each day and each moment, the knowledge of these will enable a movie maker to make best out of the techniques and tools of the movie production. Listed here are few basic techniques to start with, and understanding these will enable the individual to advance in the field of interest by browsing through the internet to grasp the tools they had been looking for. It is never a must that only the technical persons of the crew must be aware of the particular tool or the technique pertaining to their fields. In case of the directors and the producers, the awareness about the latest advents will be very significant as they can be more self-dependent and take the right decisions for presenting their movies without relying solely on the ideas of the concerned technicians. Knowing to operate these tools and making the perfect use of it in the movies is the trick which makes the movie affect the audiences psychologically or emotionally. Thus it is essential to put across the words of the script into the hearts and minds of the audiences.

The Cinematography Tools and Techniques:

Cinematography deals with the way the shots are taken, camera movement, and other choices of the shots which highly influence the masses. For instance, if it is thriller or action, the pace of the camera must match that of the quick storyline. At the same time, if the directors want to express deep feelings or emotions then again the cameras and cinematography have a say in passing the message to the audiences. Cinematography includes the ‘sets’ used and the camera view, movement, angle and shot. There are many types of shots namely the bird’s eye shot, freeze frame shot, tracking shot, whip pan, close up, Dutch angle, low-angle shot, shot reverse shot, and so on. Lighting effect decides the way the place is shown in the movie. Again the suitable ones must be chosen to blend with the scenes and situations in the movies. There is the background lighting, soft light, key lightings, lens flare, mood lighting, flood lighting, and so on. The lighting is a key factor which expresses the mood of the movie and impacts the aesthetics quotients too.

Editing and Special Effects:

Editing is the process of trimming the length of the scenes or on a whole, the movie. In addition to it, the sequences in which the scenes appear in the movie are also decided by the editing teams. To perform this tricky part of the movie production, hundreds of tools are put into use. To name a few of the techniques involved in editing: establishing shot, SMPTE time code, screen direction, flashback, talking head, cross cutting, dissolve, split screen, match cut, different types of wipes and lots more. The special effects are becoming a part of all the recent movies and these can be made convincingly to please the audience by using the 3-D computer graphics, bluescreen/chroma key, optical effects, and stereoscopy.